Europa Point Lighthouse was first lit in 1841 to guide ships passing through the Strait of Gibraltar. Trinity House built the tower at Gibraltar's southern end, where routes between the Atlantic and Mediterranean meet. Its light began with an oil lamp, later changed to electrical equipment, and was automated in 1994. The white tower and broad red band remain an unmistakable maritime landmark. Navigation technology has changed repeatedly while the lighthouse has continued its guiding role.
Four caves on the eastern side of Gibraltar's limestone Rock contain long sequences of archaeological deposits. Evidence includes the use of birds and marine animals for food, feathers for ornament and abstract rock engravings. Scientific research at the complex contributes to understanding Neanderthal behaviour through material traces left in a particular coastal environment.
The Tower of Homage is the most prominent surviving part of Gibraltar's Moorish Castle. Its present form largely dates from rebuilding around 1333, after earlier fortifications were damaged during conflict. The broad walls still carry marks of the sieges that followed. The castle once extended much farther down the hillside; the tower is one part of that larger history, rather than a complete picture of the medieval town. Its courtyard later served as a prison until 2010.
